face="Times New Roman Star"apa (Orkh., OUygh.) 'ancestors'
face="Times New Roman Star"apa (MK) 'father, bear' ("Kypch."), (KB) 'ancestor'
face="Times New Roman Star"aba
face="Times New Roman Star"aba (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"awa
face="Times New Roman Star"aba (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"aba (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"aba
face="Times New Roman Star"aba 'father, bear'
face="Times New Roman Star"oba 'bear'
face="Times New Roman Star"ava
face="Times New Roman Star"aba
face="Times New Roman Star"apa (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"appa, aba
face="Times New Roman Star"aba (Kakuk), aba, apa (ÑÑß)
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 5, VEWT 1, ÝÑÒß 1, 54-58, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 281, Ëåêñèêà 305, Àíèêèí 71. Ñf. also *ba:pa 'grandfather, mother's father' (Turkm. ba:ba etc., see ÝÑÒß 2, 10-13, Ëåêñèêà 294, 305). Voicing of -p- in many languages is probably due to expressive gemination.
face="Times New Roman Star"abus?qa, awucqa 1 dial. (Sib.)
face="Times New Roman Star"abus?qa, avus?qa 4 (Abush., Sangl.)
face="Times New Roman Star"apsax, apc?ax, Koib. abysqa 1
face="Times New Roman Star"aps?yj 1, aps?aq 'bear'
face="Times New Roman Star"aps?yjaq 1; 'bear'
face="Times New Roman Star"obas?ka
face="Times New Roman Star"as?aq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"as?yn/aq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"abys?qa 1
face="Times New Roman Star"abys?qa 1 dial.
face="Times New Roman Star"abys?qa 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 1, 60-61, EDT 6, Åãîðîâ 274-275, Ôåäîòîâ II 282, Àíèêèí 72. Chuv. is not quite regular and may be an early loanword from Tat. Formally the Turk. word may be derived from *aba 'elder in the mother's line' (+ dimin. -c?).
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 389, ÝÑÒß 1, 437-438, TMN 2, 153, Ëåêñèêà 577, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 296. Cf. also Turk. *oklagu 'rolling pin' (ÝÑÒß 1, 441-442), Khal. ho.qlag|o_ (derived from ok-la- 'to roll' (R 1 1000, Chag.), a denominative from ok 'wheel axle' in the Oghuz and Qarluq groups).
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2 (in ajaba:n 'remorseless')
face="Times New Roman Star"oja- 'to care'
face="Times New Roman Star"aj 'well'
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 10-11, EDT 267-8, ÝÑÒß 1, 101-102, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 298. Deriving *aja- 'to respect, esteem' from *aj 'fear' (VEWT 11) is hardly plausible. Clauson (EDT 182) thinks that OUygh. ajy 'very' is an unusually early example of the elision of -g in an/yg| 'evil', which means 'very' in many OUygh. texts, but this is hardly plausible phonetically; so it may belong here, together with Khak. aj 'very' (although the final narrow y is a problem). Sevortyan relates here also SUygh. ajyg| 'good omen, good luck', but this may be a reflex of OUygh., Karakh. ajyq 'vow, promise' (EDT 270).
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz (Sangl.), ajaz, ajas (CCum.)
face="Times New Roman Star"ajo|z
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz
face="Times New Roman Star"ajas
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz
face="Times New Roman Star"ajas
face="Times New Roman Star"ajas
face="Times New Roman Star"ajas; ajyz (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"haja:z
face="Times New Roman Star"ojar
face="Times New Roman Star"ajas
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz
face="Times New Roman Star"ajad|
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz/s
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaz
face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 1, 102-3; VEWT 11; TMN 2, 170; Ëåêñèêà 13, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 298. A different suffixation is seen in Tur. (dial.) ajam, Kaz., Kirgh. ajyq 'clear (weather'). A derivative *an/-gyr/- (pointing to original *-n/-) is found in Kaz. an|yzaq, Turkm. an|zaq 'cold with dry wind' (see ÝÑÒß ibid.).
face="Times New Roman Star"ald 1, altyg|y 2; alty 1 {(Áàñê. Òóáà)}
face="Times New Roman Star"a[:]lt 1
face="Times New Roman Star"old(ú) 'gusset'
face="Times New Roman Star"alyn 1
face="Times New Roman Star"alyn 1
face="Times New Roman Star"a'ldy 1
face="Times New Roman Star"aldyn 'â íèçîâüå ðåêè' (Ðàñ. ÔèË 153)
face="Times New Roman Star"ald(y) 1
face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1
face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1 (K)
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 14, ÝÑÒß 1, 140-141, Stachowski 32. VEWT confuses (after Bang and Brockelmann) the roots *al- 'below' and *a:l 'front'. They are indeed mixed in Kirgh. and Oyr. lit., where we have ald 'front, below', but are distinguished in dialects (Tuba: ald 'front', with a voicing in the consonant cluster after an old long vowel, but alty 'below'). The Chuv. form probably goes back to the compound *koltuk alty 'axillary concavity, gusset' (attested in Tur., Gag., Az., see Äûáî 154). Most languages reflect *al-ty- (the simple form al is not attested, see the discussion in EDT 121), but the reality of the root *a>l is proved by a different derivative in Yakut. Cf. also Sib.-Tat. alas?a 'low, low place' (ÊÑÒÒ 100). Another possible old derivative in -c?ak may be PT *al/(c?)ak (Karakh. as?aq, Turkm. as?a:q etc., see ÝÑÒß 1, 214-215) 'below, bottom part; low, humble': its traditional derivation from *a:l/- 'to cross (a mountain)' is unsatisfactory both phonetically and semantically. A certain problem is the attribution of the adjective *al-c?ak (see ÝÑÒß 1, 143-144, EDT 129). Older occurrences of alc?aq (MK, KB, Tefs., Rabg. etc.) present the meaning 'modest, humble'; cf. also Sib.-Tat. alcaq 'valetudinarian' (ÊÑÒÒ 101), Turkm. alc?ak 'affable' and perhaps Tur. alc?ak 'mean, vile', alc?a- 'to offend, humiliate'. This group of forms may in fact reflect a different root, otherwise represented by PT *Alyg, see under *a:\le 'weak, tired'. Another group of forms - Chag. alc?aq 'bas' (Pav. C.), Tur., Az., Crim.-Tat. (and Oghuz texts like Korkut) alc?aq 'low, low place' probably represents an Oghuz innovative derivation in -c?ak from the root al- (which is why -lc?- did not yield -s?- here), perhaps influenced by Mong. alc?a-gar, alc?a-n 'stunted, undersized', derived from Mong. alc?aji- 'to spread legs apart'.
face="Times New Roman Star"1 difficult, hard 2 warrior 3 hero 4 brave 5 giant 6 landlord
face="Times New Roman Star"1 òðóäíûé 2 âîèí 3 ãåðîé 4 õðàáðûé 5 âåëèêàí 6 ïîìåùèê, çåìëåâëàäåëåö
face="Times New Roman Star"alp 1, 2, 4 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.); alp-a-g|ut 2 (OUygh.).
face="Times New Roman Star"alp 2, 4 (MK, KB, Tefs., IM); alpag|ut 2 (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"alp 3, 4
face="Times New Roman Star"alyp 3, 5, alpawyt 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alp 2, 3 (Sngl.)
face="Times New Roman Star"alp 3
face="Times New Roman Star"alpawut 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alyp 4, albyx- 'to act as a meddler'
face="Times New Roman Star"alyp 4
face="Times New Roman Star"alyp 4
face="Times New Roman Star"olúp 5, olbut 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alyp 'witchcraft; part of some names of spirits'
face="Times New Roman Star"albyq- 'to pant, stifle', alba:- 'to lapse into oblivion'
face="Times New Roman Star"alp 3, 4, 5, albu:t 'hot-tempered'
face="Times New Roman Star"alyp 5, albyt, albyrt 'hot-tempered'
face="Times New Roman Star"alpawyt 2, alpamys?a 5 (from Alp Amys?a, a folklore name, = Tat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"alp 'chief', alpawut 'gentry man'
face="Times New Roman Star"alp 3, 5, albyra- 'be exhausted, embarassed'
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 127-128, VEWT 18, ÝÑÒß I 139, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 276. Clauson's hypothesis that the reflexes of *alpawut in recent languages are the result of a re-borrowing from Mong. (cf. Lit. Mong. albag|ut (Kow. 84) < Turk.), partly contaminated with Mong. alban 'tax', is unnecessary: a semantic shift 'warrior' > 'gentry' > 'landlord' seems to be natural. Cf. a borrowing from Mong. alba-tu in Tuva, Oyr. albatu, albaty, Kirgh. albaty 'tax-payers, people'.
face="Times New Roman Star"that (obl.cases) 2 here, look (part.)
face="Times New Roman Star"òîò (îñíîâà êîñâ. ïàäåæåé) 2 âîò, òóò
face="Times New Roman Star"an-ta (loc.), an|-ar (dat.) (Orkh., OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-da (loc.), on|-a (dat.) (MK, KB)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-da (loc.), an|-a (dat.), an-ar (dat.) (Mish.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-da (loc.), an|-a (dat.) (Babur)
face="Times New Roman Star"a (nom.)
face="Times New Roman Star"ana 2
face="Times New Roman Star"an-da (loc.), a-g|aa (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-da (loc.), a-(g|)a (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-da (loc.), o-(g|)o (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"a"/ra" 'that side' (vocalism under influence of ba"/ra" 'this side')
face="Times New Roman Star"on-da (loc.), úw|n-a (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"ana-ra: 2
face="Times New Roman Star"yn-da (loc.), a(n|)-a (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"yn-da (loc.), a(n|)-a (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-ta (loc.), a-(g|)a (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-ta, an-da (loc.), an|-a (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-da (loc.), an|-g|a (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-da (loc.), an-ar (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an-dy (loc.), an|-a (dat.)
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 19, EDT 165, ÝÑÒß 1, 147-150, 157. In OT and most modern languages the root a(n)- acts as an oblique stem for ol 'that' (as well as a deriving stem for pronominal adverbs). Only in SUygh. a- is the direct stem.